Difference between revisions of "Articles:Oncological emergencies"
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Latest revision as of 15:08, 24 April 2020
Acute emergencies in oncology are a group of conditions caused by complications of cancer or its treatment, that are life-threatening or irreversibly disabling if clinical management is delayed. As a consequence of our ability to treat increasingly larger numbers of patients effectively, the knowledge to recognise and respond swiftly to such presentations has never been more important.
These emergencies may be encountered at any stage in the pathway of a patient's journey through cancer. This may be at presentation, during the course of treatment, or later in the disease process. Below reviews the most frequently encountered oncological emergencies. It may sound obvious, but it is worth bearing in mind that unrelated acute medical or surgical conditions may occur in patients with malignant disease. Generally, the management will be the same as that of a patient without known cancer.
The emergencies are grouped according to the causative system of origin.
Contents
- 1 Cardiovascular emergencies
- 2 Respiratory emergencies
- 3 Metabolic emergencies
- 4 Endocrine emergencies
- 5 Renal & Urological emergencies
- 6 Gastrointestinal emergencies
- 7 Neurological emergencies
- 8 Haematological emergencies
- 9 Ophthalmological emergencies
- 10 Musculoskeletal emergencies
- 11 Gynaecological emergencies
- 12 Dermatological emergencies
- 13 Psychiatric emergencies
Cardiovascular emergencies[edit source]
- Superior vena cava obstruction
- Cardiac tamponade (malignant pericardial effusion)
- Venous thromboembolism
- Extravasation injury
- Complications of central venous devices[1]
- Hypertensive crises
Respiratory emergencies[edit source]
- Acute large airway obstruction
- Pulmonary haemorrhage
- Respiratory failure
- Intractable hiccups
- Radiation pneumonitis
- Pleural effusion (malignant)
Metabolic emergencies[edit source]
- Tumour lysis syndrome
- Hypercalcaemia
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Hypoglycaemia
Endocrine emergencies[edit source]
- Thyroid dysfunction
- Adrenal insufficiency
Renal & Urological emergencies[edit source]
- Obstructive uropathy
- Urate nephropathy (from TLS)
- Haemorrhagic cystitis[2]
- Nephritis
Gastrointestinal emergencies[edit source]
- Bowel obstruction
- Bowel perforation
- Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
- Nausea and vomiting (uncontrolled)
- Mucositis (uncontrolled)
- Diarrhoea (uncontrolled)
- Biliary obstruction
- Oesophageal obstruction
- Abdominal ascites (malignant)
- Neutropaenic enterocolitis
- Transaminitis
- Colitis
Neurological emergencies[edit source]
- Spinal cord compression
- Cauda equina syndrome
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Seizures (fits)
- Leptomeningeal disease
Haematological emergencies[edit source]
- Leukostasis
- Hyperviscosity
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Thrombocytopaenia
- Febrile neutropaenia (neutropaenic sepsis)